James teaches his readers that they should live to please God by reminding them of things that they know from everyday life. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
James is making a generalized statement. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-genericnoun)
"my fellow believers"
"God will judge us who teach more severely." This probably because those whom they teach trust them to know the truth and teach it correctly.
James includes himself and other teachers, but not the readers, so the word "we" is exclusive. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-exclusive)
James speaks of himself, other teachers, and the readers, so the word "we" is inclusive. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-exclusive)
Sinning is spoken of as if it were stumbling while walking. Alternate translation: "fail" or "sin" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
"does not sin by saying wrong things"
"he is spiritually mature"
James is referring to one's heart, emotions, and actions. Alternate translation: "control all his behavior" or "control all his actions" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-synecdoche)
James is developing an argument that small things can control big things.
James speaks about horses' bits. A bit is a small piece of metal that is placed into a horse's mouth to control where it goes.
"If" or "When"
A horse is a large animal used to carry things or people.
A ship is like a truck that floats on water. A rudder is a flat piece of wood or metal at the back of the ship, used to control where it goes. The word "rudder" could also be translated as "tool."
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "strong winds push them, they" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-activepassive)
"have a small tool that a person can use to control where the ship goes"
Here "things" is a general word for everything about which these people are proud.
"Think about"
In order to help people understand the harm that the tongue can cause, James speaks of the harm that a small flame can cause. Alternate translation: "how a small flame can start a fire that burns many trees"
The tongue is a metonym for what people say. James calls it a fire because of the great damage it can do. Alternate translation: "The tongue is like a fire" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
The enormous effects of sinful speaking are spoken of as if they were a world by themselves. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
"the parts of our bodies"
The tongue here is a metonym for the words of the person whose tongue it is, and the body is a synecdoche for the whole person. The words defiling the person is a metaphor for God rejecting a person who speaks evil words. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-synecdoche and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
The phrase "course of life" refers to a person's entire life. Alternate translation: "it ruins a person's entire life" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
The word "itself" refers to the tongue. Also, here "hell" refers to the powers of evil or to the devil. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "life because the devil uses it for evil" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-activepassive and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
The phrase "every kind" is a general statement referring to all or many kinds of wild animals. This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "People have learned to control many kinds of wild animals, birds, reptiles, and sea creatures" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-activepassive)
This is an animal that crawls on the ground. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#translate-unknown)
an animal that lives in the sea
James speaks of the tongue as if it were a wild animal. Here "tongue" represents a person's desire to speak evil thoughts. (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy)
James speaks of the harm that people can cause by what they say as if the tongue were an evil and poisonous creature that can kill people. Alternate translation: "It is like a restless and evil creature, full of deadly poison" or "It is like a restless and evil creature that can kill people with its venom" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
"We use the tongue to say words that"
"we ask God to harm men"
This can be stated in active form. Alternate translation: "whom God made in his likeness" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-activepassive)
The nouns "blessing" and "cursing" can be translated with a verbal phrase. Alternate translation: "With the same mouth, a person blesses people and curses people" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
"Fellow Christians"
"these things are wrong"
After James stresses that the words of believers should not both bless and curse, he gives examples from nature to teach his readers that people who honor God by worshiping him should also live in right ways.
James uses a rhetorical question to remind believers about what happens in nature. This can be expressed as a statement. Alternate translation: "You know that a spring does not pour out both sweet water and bitter water." (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-rquestion)
James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Brothers, you know that a fig tree cannot grow olives." (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-rquestion)
"my fellow believers"
The word "make" is understood from the previous phrase. James uses another rhetorical question to remind the believers about what happens in nature. Alternate translation: "Or does a grapevine make figs?" or "And a grapevine cannot grow figs." (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-ellipsis)
James uses this question to teach his audience about proper behavior. The words "wise" and "understanding" are similar. Alternate translation: "I will tell you how a wise and understanding person is to act." (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-rquestion and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-doublet)
This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "humility" and "wisdom." Alternate translation: "That person should live a good life by doing the kind of deeds that come from being humble and wise" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
Here "heart" is a metonym for a person's emotions or thoughts. This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy" and "ambition." Alternate translation: "if you are jealous and selfish" or "if you desire what other people have and you want to succeed even if it harms others" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy and /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
The abstract noun "truth" can be stated as "true." Alternate translation: "do not boast that you are wise, because that is not true" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
Here "This" refers to the "bitter jealousy and strife" described in the previous verses. The phrase "from above" is a metonym that represents "heaven" which represents God himself. Alternate translation: "This is not the kind of wisdom that God teaches us from heaven" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy)
The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "Whoever acts like this is not wise according to what God in heaven teaches us. Instead this person is earthly, unspiritual, and demonic" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
The word "earthly" refers to the values and behaviors of the people who do not honor God. Alternate translation: "not honoring to God" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metonymy)
"not from the Holy Spirit" or "not spiritual"
"from demons"
This can be restated to remove the abstract nouns "jealousy," "ambition," and "confusion." Alternate translation: "For when people are jealous and selfish, this causes them to act in disorderly and evil ways" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
"there is disorder" or "there is chaos"
"every kind of sinful behavior" or "every kind of wicked deed"
Here "from above" is metonym that represents "heaven," which represents God himself. The abstract noun "wisdom" can be stated as "wise." Alternate translation: "But when a person is wise according to what God in heaven teaches, he acts in ways that are first pure" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)
"is first holy"
Here "good fruits" refer to kind things that people do for others as a result of having wisdom from God. Alternate translation: "full of mercy and good deeds" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
"and honest" or "and truthful"
Making peace is spoken of as if they were sowing seeds, and righteousness is spoken of as if it were the fruit that grows up as a result of making peace. Alternate translation: "The result of making peace is righteousness" or "Those who work peacefully to help people live in peace produce righteousness" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-metaphor)
The abstract noun "peace" can be expressed by using the word "peacefully." Alternate translation: "cause people to live peacefully" or "help people not to be angry with each other" (See: /WA-Catalog/en_tm?section=jit#figs-abstractnouns)